1858 oil painting by John Quidor which shows the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by the American author Washington Irving. It was first published in 1820 in Irving's short story collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. which also includes "Rip Van Winkle". "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is the longest story in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent. It is based on a German folk tale, although the action is moved to New York state at the end of the 18th century. Along with "Rip Van Winkle", it is one of the few works of early American literature that is still widely read for pleasure today.
The story's main character is a teacher named Ichabod Crane who moves to a small rural community near the valley known as Sleepy Hollow and hopes to wed a wealthy woman. He makes up his mind to marry Katrina Van Tassel, the young daughter of a very prosperous farmer. Ichabod Crane is not, however, the only man who takes an interest in Katrina. Brom Bones, a popular and athletic young man, is also in love with her. The place where Ichabod Crane lives and the surrounding countryside are said to be haunted by various ghosts, the most feared of which is the terrifying Headless Horseman.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" has been adapted to other media, including film and television, numerous times.
Plot[]
Ichabod Crane, illustration by the American artist Edward Austin Abbey (1852-1911).
Ichabod Crane is a tall, skinny, superstitious man from Connecticut. He come to a largely Dutch rural community in upstate New York near the valley Sleepy Hollow to work as the local schoolteacher and to find a rich wife. He intends to marry Katrina Van Tassel, the only child of the wealthy farmer Baltus Van Tassel. However, he has to compete for Katrina's affections with the local strongman Abraham Van Brundt, better known as Brom Bones.
One autumn evening, Ichabod Crane attends dinner at the Van Tassels' house. At the end of the evening, the other guests, including Brom Bones, begin to tell ghost stories. The tales that they most enjoy telling are about the Headless Horseman, the ghost of a German soldier who fought for the British during the American War of Independence and whose head was knocked off by a cannonball. Brom Bones says that he saw the ghost once and challenged it to a race but the ghost disappeared when it reached the bridge by the church.
1974 U.S. postage stamp which depicts Ichabod Crane riding away from the Headless Horseman.
While he is riding home, Ichabod Crane sees what he thinks is the Headless Horseman. He tries to outride the ghost and reach the bridge by the church. However, before he does, the ghost throws a large round object at him. Ichabod believes the object to be the horseman's head. Ichabod is hot on the head by the object and knocked unconscious.
The next day Ichabod Crane's horse is found without a saddle but there is no sign of the schoolteacher. Later Ichabod's hat is found and the saddle is found, next to a smashed pumpkin. Ichabod Crane is never seen again and Katrina Van Tassel marries Brom Bones. Although there are rumors that Ichabod Crane moved to New York City and became a lawyer, most people who live near Sleepy Hollow believe that he was taken by the Headless Horseman and that his ghost now haunts his old abandoned school house.
Towards the end of the story it is said that:
Brom Bones ... was observed to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod Crane was related and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin; which led some to suspect that he knew more than he chose to tell.
The implication being that the Headless Horseman was really Brom Bones in disguise.
Adaptations[]
Cover of Classic Comics #12 from June 1943 that contains adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". Now in the public domain.
There have been numerous stage, radio, audio book, comic book, television and film adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". The earliest surviving film adaptation of the story is a 1922 American silent movie starring Will Rogers called The Headless Horseman. Two other silent movies based on the short story are known to have been made but are now lost. The best known film adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" are from 1949 and 1999.
The story of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" made up the second part of the 1949 Walt Disney animated feature The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, the first part being an adaptation of the unrelated children's novel The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame. Bing Crosby performed the songs in the cartoon and also narrated the story. The cartoon features an extended sequence in which Ichabod Crane is chased by a visually impressive Headless Horseman. It seems likely that the horseman of the cartoon is intended to be a real ghost.
Tim Burton's 1999 movie Sleepy Hollow, starring Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane, Christopher Walken as the Headless Horseman and Christina Ricci as Katrina Van Tassel, bears little resemblance to Irving's original story. In the movie, Ichabod Crane is a policeman from New York City, sent to the small town of Sleepy Hollow to investigate the grisly murders attributed to the Headless Horseman. The Headless Horseman of the movie is a real ghost, under the control of Katrina Van Tassel's revenge-seeking step-mother. However, there is a scene in which Brom Bones frightens Ichabod Crane by pretending to be the Headless Horseman and throwing a jack-o-lantern at him.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" provided loose inspiration for the American supernatural drama series Sleepy Hollow starring British actor Tom Mison as Ichabod Crane, a soldier from the American Revolutionary War who reawakens in the 21st century. The series originally aired on the Fox network in the United States between September 16, 2013 and March 31, 2017.
Cultural impact[]
In 1996 the village of North Tarrytown, New York officially changed its name to Sleepy Hollow. A statue of the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was put up there in 2006.